NAME

Word or term used for identification by an external observer

Names of places (toponyms) on a road sign indicating their management in Bali, Republic of indonesia

A proper name is a term used for identification past an external observer. They tin can identify a course or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified past a name is called its referent. A personal name identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a specific individual human being. The proper name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper name (although that term has a philosophical meaning as well) and is, when consisting of but one word, a proper name. Other nouns are sometimes chosen "common names" or (obsolete) "general names". A proper noun tin can exist given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents tin give their child a name or a scientist can give an element a name.

Etymology

The word name comes from Old English language nama; cognate with One-time High German (OHG) namo, Sanskrit नामन् (nāman), Latin nomen, Greek ὄνομα (onoma), and Persian نام (nâm), from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *h₁nómn̥.^[ane] Outside Indo-European, it tin be continued to Proto-Uralic *nime.

Naming conventions

A naming convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms, or criteria for naming things.

Parents may follow a naming convention when selecting names for their children. Some have chosen alphabetical names by birth guild. In some Due east Asian cultures it is common for i syllable in a two-syllable given name to be a generation name which is the aforementioned for immediate siblings. In many cultures it is common for the son to be named after the father or a gramps. In certain African cultures, such as in Cameroon, the eldest son gets the family proper noun for his given proper noun. In other cultures, the name may include the place of residence, or the place of nascency. The Roman naming convention denotes social rank.

Major naming conventions include:

• Astronomical naming conventions
• In biological science, binomial nomenclature
• In chemistry, chemical classification
• In classics, Roman naming conventions
• In figurer programming, identifier naming conventions
• In computer networking, computer naming schemes
• Planetary nomenclature in planetary science
• In sciences by and large, systematic names for a variety of things

Products may follow a naming convention. Automobiles typically have a binomial proper name, a "brand" (manufacturer) and a "model", in improver to a model year, such as a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette. Sometimes at that place is a name for the car's "decoration level" or "trim line" also: due east.k., Cadillac Escalade EXT Platinum, after the precious metal. Computers often take increasing numbers in their names to signify the next generation.

Courses at schools typically follow a naming convention: an abbreviation for the subject field expanse and and so a number ordered by increasing level of difficulty.

Many numbers (e.g., bank accounts, government IDs, credit cards, etc.) are not random but accept an internal construction and convention. Virtually all organizations that assign names or numbers will follow some convention in generating these identifiers. Airline flight numbers, Infinite Shuttle flight numbers, fifty-fifty phone numbers all take an internal convention.

Personal name

A signature is a person's own handwritten name

A personal name is an identifying word or words by which an individual is intimately known or designated.^[2] In many countries, it is traditional for individuals to have a personal proper name (also chosen a given proper noun or first name) and a surname (also chosen a last name or family name because information technology is shared by members of the same family).^[iii] Some people have ii surnames, one inherited from each parent. In virtually of Europe and the Americas, the given proper name typically comes before the surname, whereas in parts of Asia and Republic of hungary the surname comes before the given name. In some cultures it is traditional for a woman to take her husband's surname when she gets married.

A mutual practice in many countries is patronym which ways that a component of a personal proper name is based on the given proper name of i'south begetter. A less common practice in countries is matronym which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of one's female parent. In some East Asian cultures, information technology is traditional for given names to include a generation proper name, a syllable shared between siblings and cousins of the aforementioned generation.

Middle names are also used past many people as a 3rd identifier, and can be chosen for personal reasons including signifying relationships, preserving pre-marital/maiden names (a popular practice in the United States), and to perpetuate family unit names. The practise of using middle names dates dorsum to ancient Rome, where information technology was common for members of the elite to take a praenomen (a personal name), a nomen (a family unit proper noun, not exactly used the fashion middle names are used today), and a cognomen (a name representing an individual aspect or the specific branch of a person'southward family).^[four] Middle names eventually vicious out of employ, but regained popularity in Europe during the nineteenth century.^[four]

Likewise showtime, eye, and concluding names, individuals may also accept nicknames, aliases, or titles. Nicknames are informal names used by friends or family to refer to a person ("Chris" may be used as a brusque class of the personal name "Christopher"). A person may choose to use an allonym, or a fake name, instead of their real proper name, possibly to protect or obscure their identity. People may likewise have titles designating their office in an institution or profession (members of imperial families may use various terms such as Rex, Queen, Duke, or Duchess to signify their positions of authority or their relation to the throne).^[3]

Names of names

In onomastic terminology, personal names of men are called andronyms (from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ / man, and ὄνομα / name),^[5] while personal names of women are chosen gynonyms (from Ancient Greek γυνή / adult female, and ὄνομα / name).^[6]

Names of humans (anthroponyms)

Name of ...	Proper name of name
Total name of a person	Personal proper noun
First name of a person	Given name
Family name	Surname
Residents of a locality	Demonym
Ethnic group	Ethnonym
Faux or assumed name	Pseudonym
Pseudonym of an writer	Pen name
Pseudonym of a performer	Phase proper name
Other names	-onym-suffixed words

Names of non-human entities

Name of a...	Name of proper name
Any geographical object	Toponym
Body of water	Hydronym
Mountain or hill	Oronym
Region or country	Choronym
Any inhabited locality	Econym
Village	Comonym
Town or city	Astionym
Catholic object	Cosmonym
Star	Astronym
Other names	-onym-suffixed words

Brand names

Developing a name for a brand or product is heavily influenced by marketing enquiry and strategy to exist appealing and marketable. The brand proper name is often a neologism or pseudoword, such every bit Kodak or Sony.

Religious names

Two charts from an Arabic copy of the Secretum Secretorum for determining whether a person volition live or die based on the numerical value of the patient's name.

In the aboriginal world, peculiarly in the ancient near-due east (State of israel, Mesopotamia, Arab republic of egypt, Persia) names were thought to be extremely powerful and act, in some means, equally a separate manifestation of a person or deity.^[7] This viewpoint is responsible both for the reluctance to utilize the proper name of God in Hebrew writing or speech, every bit well equally the common understanding in aboriginal magic that magical rituals had to be carried out "in [someone's] proper name". By invoking a god or spirit past proper noun, one was thought to be able to summon that spirit'due south power for some kind of miracle or magic (see Luke 9:49, in which the disciples merits to have seen a man driving out demons using the name of Jesus). This agreement passed into afterwards religious tradition, for instance the stipulation in Catholic exorcism that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced information technology to give up its name, at which betoken the proper noun may exist used in a stern command which will drive the demon away.

Biblical names

In the Erstwhile Testament, the names of individuals are meaningful, and a alter of proper noun indicates a change of condition. For instance, the patriarch Abram and his wife Sarai were renamed "Abraham" and "Sarah" at the establishment of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:four, 17:15). Simon was renamed Peter when he was given the Keys to Heaven. This is recounted in the Gospel of Matthew chapter 16, which according to Roman Cosmic teaching^[8] was when Jesus promised to Saint Peter the power to take binding actions.^[9] Proper names are "saturated with pregnant".^[10]

Throughout the Bible, characters are given names at birth that reflect something of significance or describe the course of their lives. For case: Solomon meant peace,^[11] and the king with that name was the starting time whose reign was without state of war.^[12] Too, Joseph named his firstborn son Manasseh (Hebrew: "causing to forget")(Genesis 41:51); when Joseph likewise said, "God has made me forget all my troubles and everyone in my begetter'south family." Biblical Jewish people did non have surnames which were passed from generation to generation. All the same, they were typically known as the kid of their father. For case: דוד בן ישי (David ben Yishay) meaning, David, son of Jesse (1 Samuel 17:12,58). Today, this manner of name is still used in Jewish religious rites.

Indian name

Indian names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to region. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from epics. India's population speaks a wide variety of languages and nearly every major faith in the world has a following in India. This variety makes for subtle, often confusing, differences in names and naming styles. Due to historical Indian cultural influences, several names across Southward and Southeast Asia are influenced past or adapted from Indian names or words.

For some Indians, their nascence proper name is unlike from their official name; the nascency name starts with a randomly selected proper noun from the person's horoscope (based on the nakshatra or lunar mansion corresponding to the person's nascency).

Many children are given 3 names, sometimes every bit a office of religious educational activity.

Quranic names (Arabic names)

We tin can run into many Arabic names in the Quran and in Muslim people, such as Allah, Muhammad, Khwaja, Ismail, Mehboob, Suhelahmed, Shoheb Ameena, Aaisha, Sameena, Rumana, Swaleha, etc. The names Mohammed and Ahmed are the same, for example Suhel Ahmad or Mohammad Suhel are the same. There are many like names in Islam and Christianity, such equally Yosef (Islamic)/Joseph (Christian), Adam/Adam, Dawood/David, Rumana/Romana, Maryam/Mary, Nuh/Noah, etc.

Name utilise by animals

The use of personal names is not unique to humans. Dolphins^[thirteen] and green-rumped parrotlets^[fourteen] also utilise symbolic names to address contact calls to specific individuals. Private dolphins take distinctive signature whistles, to which they will respond even when there is no other data to clarify which dolphin is being referred to.

Run across also

• Chinese name
• Human being names
• Legal name
• Listing of adjectival forms of place names
• Name calling – a form of verbal corruption
• Names of God
• Numeral (linguistics)
• Onomastics – the written report of proper names
• Popular cat names
• Title (publishing)

References

1. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2008-09-20 . ; The asterisk before a word indicates that it is a hypothetical construction, non an attested form.
2. ^ "personal name". Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Full general words for names, and types of name". macmillandictionary.com. Macmillan Lexicon. Retrieved xviii June 2018.
4. ^ ^{a b} Fabry, Merrill (August xvi, 2016). "Now You Know: Why Do We Accept Middle Names?" (web article). Time.com. Time. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
5. ^ Room 1996, p. six.
6. ^ Barolini 2005, p. 91, 98.
7. ^ "Egyptian Religion", E. A. Wallis Budge", Arkana 1987 edition, ISBN 0-14-019017-1
8. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, para 881: "The episcopal college and its head, the Pope" Archived 2010-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
9. ^ The Routledge Companion to the Christian Church past Gerard Mannion and Lewis S. Mudge (January xxx, 2008) ISBN 0415374200 page 235
10. ^ Baruch Hochman, Character in Literature (Cornell Academy Press, 1985), 37.
11. ^ Campbell, Mike. "Significant, origin and history of the proper noun Solomon". Backside the Name . Retrieved 2018-12-27 .
12. ^ "Solomon, the Rex". www.dawnbible.com . Retrieved 2018-12-27 .
13. ^ "Dolphins Proper name Themselves With Whistles, Study Says". National Geographic News. May 8, 2006. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006.
14. ^ Berg, Karl Southward.; Delgado, Soraya; Okawa, Rae; Beissinger, Steven R.; Bradbury, Jack Westward. (2011-01-01). "Contact calls are used for individual mate recognition in free-ranging dark-green-rumped parrotlets, Forpus passerinus". Animal Behaviour. 81 (1): 241–248. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.10.012. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 42150361.

Sources

• Barolini, Teodolinda, ed. (2005). Medieval Constructions in Gender And Identity: Essays in Honor of Joan M. Ferrante. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. ISBN9780866983372.
• Bruck, Gabriele vom; Bodenhorn, Barbara, eds. (2009) [2006]. An Anthropology of Names and Naming (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing.
• Fraser, Peter Grand. (2000). "Ethnics every bit Personal Names". Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Prove (PDF). Oxford: Oxford Academy Press. pp. 149–157.
• Roberts, Michael (2017). "The Semantics of Demonyms in English". The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford: Oxford University Printing. pp. 205–220. ISBN978-0-xix-873672-1.
• Room, Adrian (1996). An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Proper noun Studies. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN9780810831698.

Further reading

• "Names" by Sam Cumming, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), a philosophical dissertation on the syntax and semantics of names
• Pilcher, Jane (2017). "Names, Bodies and Identities". Sociology. 50 (4): 764–779. doi:10.1177/0038038515582157. S2CID 145136869.
• Matthews, Elaine; Hornblower, Simon; Fraser, Peter Marshall, Greek Personal Names: Their Value every bit Evidence, Proceedings of the British Academy (104), Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-726216-3
• Proper name and Grade – from Sacred Texts Buddhism

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Proper noun .

Wikimedia Commons has media related to names.

• Dictionary of Greek Personal Names, Oxford (over 35,000 published names)
• Backside The Proper name, The etymology of beginning names
• The Name Tradition In The Christian Culture
• Kate Monk's Onomastikon Names over the world throughout the history
• "Proper noun". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name

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